Introduction: Patent ducfus arteriosus (PDA) is the persistence of a normal fetal structure between left pulmonary artery and descending aorta. Persistence of this fetal structure beyond 10 days of life is considered abnormal. In this study we compared M-mode and Doppler echocardiography in diagnosis of PDA in children at Aliasghar Hospital in Zahedan and Children hospital in Bandar Abbas for one year. methods: We selected 62 patients that were suspicious to have PDA on physical examination. It should be mentioned that we omitted patients with other cgngenital cardiac abnormalities such as truncus arteriosus, ASD, VSD and AZSD. Our patients were below 15years old. Before echocardiography, physical examination, CXR and ECG were done for the patients. Then, they were evluated with both M-mode and Doppler Echocardiography and finally results were statistically analyzed.Results: Out of 62 patients, 34 were female and 28 were male. 51.6% patients were less than one year old and others were older. 85% of patients had cardiac murmur on physical examination and in 50% of them pulmonary component of second heart sound was increased. Peripheral pounding pulses were present in 85% of patients. In chest X-Ray, 82.3% of patients had increased cardiothoracic ratio and pulmonary vascular markings were increased in 85.5% of them. On ECG, 58.1 % of patients had signs of right and left or bilateral ventricular hypertrophy. Pulmonary hypertension was also seen in 51.6% of patients. PDA was diagnosed with M-mode echocardiography in 56 patients (90.3 %) and with Doppler echocardiography in 61 patients (98.4%). According to McNemar statistical analysis, there was not an obvious difference between these two. methods of echocardiography in PDA diagnosis (p=0.125).Conclusion: Findings of this study showed that M-mode and Doppler echocardiography for diagnosis of PDA in children are similar and again attention to M-mode echocardiography can be helpful in diagnosis of PDA in children especially restless infants and neonates.

This paper is proposed a novel topology of a single phase grid connected inverter in order to conquest the common mode leakage current. There are many topologies presented so far, But none of them has the efficiency more than 98 percent. In this paper, a modern configuration is presented that, not only delete the common mode leakage current, but also increase the efficiency and power density and is affordable. this inverter consists of 6 switches and 2 diodes that in compare with similar ones, it has less element number. Than the famous topologies like H5, H6 and HERIC, the power loss and voltage stress on switches are decreased. These aspects are appears due to exclusive leg configuration and the placement of switches and diodes. The freewheel path revealed, decoupled DC side from AC side of Inverter which results in disconnecting the common mode current. This issue will modify the network reliability indices and maintain safety standards. Finally the performances of proposed inverter will be compared and evaluated with some available Inverters.

In the last decade, the management of karst water resources has been considered because of its particular role in supplying potable water. In this regard, this research studies the hydrochemical characteristics of springs located at the Ķ ī no anticline. The purpose of this research is to determine the hydraulic relationship and effective factors on the chemical quality of the springs by applying the hydrochemical data and using the main component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis methods. The results of the analysis of the main components method show that the two components have the most impact on the chemical quality of springs. The first factor consists of magnesium, bicarbonate, sodium, chlorine, Total Dissolved Solids, and electrical conductivity, which is influenced by the quality characteristics of Absard and Mourei springs. The second factor is calcium ions, sulfate, which play the most role in the chemical quality of Susan and Tangsard springs. To investigate the hydraulic connection of the springs, the hierarchical cluster analysis method was used in “ Q-mode” mode. According to the results of this analysis, the data of the Ķ ī no anticline springs are split into two major clusters, which indicate the hydraulic connection between these springs in each cluster. The results of cluster analysis in “ R-mode” mode are also validated by the Q-mode method. The Piper diagram and ion ratios were used to study the chemical processes in the springs. The results of this study showed that the S1 spring with S2 and the S3 spring with S4 have a hydraulic connection.

Health monitoring allows small failures and damages to be identified and fixed before they turn into major and irreparable damages, to prevent loss of life and to make it possible to reinforce or improve it at the lowest cost. Currently, in the field of civil engineering, the health monitoring of structures is done in sensitive structures. One of the parts of the structure that may suffer initial damage before loading and during implementation due to difficulty in implementation is Concrete Filled Tube (CFT)columns.  One of the most likely damages in CFT columns is interface debonding damage. This damage causes the column to become weak and not benefit from the characteristics of steel and concrete together. Accordingly, in the present study, this damage and its severity in seismic (dynamic) parameters have been investigated. The results of the study show that damage causes changes in the mode shape of the structure, and it has caused a 6.38% reduction in the frequency in the first (main) mode of the structure. Also, the damping of the damaged specimen is reduced by approximately 12% compared to the healthy specimen. On the other hand, the results show that the severity of damage is very effective in changing seismic parameters. So that by doubling the damage area, the frequency decreased by approximately 0.35% and reached from 873.27 Hz to 20.870.20 Hz, but the mode shape of damage did not affect the frequency

This article investigates the problem of simultaneous attitude and vibration control of a flexible spacecraft to perform high precision attitude maneuvers and reduce vibrations caused by the flexible panel excitations in the presence of external disturbances, system uncertainties, and actuator faults. Adaptive integral sliding mode control is used in conjunction with an attitude actuator fault iterative learning observer (based on sliding mode) to develop an active fault tolerant algorithm considering rigid-flexible body dynamic interactions. The discontinuous structure of fault-tolerant control led to discontinuous commands in the control signal, resulting in chattering. This issue was resolved by introducing an adaptive rule for the sliding surface. Furthermore, the utilization of the sign function in the iterative learning observer for estimating actuator faults has not only enhanced its robustness to external disturbances through a straightforward design, but has also led to a decrease in computing workload. The strain rate feedback control algorithm has been employed with the use of piezoelectric sensor/actuator patches to minimize residual vibrations caused by rigid-flexible body dynamic interactions and the effect of attitude actuator faults. Lyapunov's law ensures finite-time overall system stability even with fully coupled rigid-flexible nonlinear dynamics. Numerical simulations demonstrate the performance and advantages of the proposed system compared to other conventional approaches.

Application of atomic force microscope as a manipulator for pushing-based positioning of nano-particles has been of considerable interest during recent years. However a detailed modelling of the interaction forces and control on the AFM tip is important for prosperous manipulation control, a reliable control of the AFM tip position during the AFM-based manipulation process is a main issue. The deflection of the AFM tip caused by manipulation force is the one of nonlinearities and uncertainties which causes difficulties in accurately controlling the tip position, the tip can jump over the target nano-particle then the process will fail. This study aims todesign a sliding mode controller (SMC) as robust chattering-free control in contact-mode to control the AFM tip during nano-manipulation process for accomplishment of a precise and effective nano-manipulation task in order to achieve the full automatic nano-manipulation system without direct intervention of an operator. The nano-probe is used to push the spherical micro/nano-particle. Nano-scale interaction forces, elastic deformation in contact areas, and friction forces in tip/nano-particle/substrate system are considered. The first control purpose is controlling and positioning the microcantilever tip at a desired trajectory by the control input force which can be exerted on the microcantilever in the Ydirection by a piezo actuator located in the base of the microcantilever. The second control target is PZT-driven positioning stage in AFM-based nanomanipulation in the X, Y in the flat surface. The simulation results show that the designed controllers have been able to make the desired variable state to track specified trajectory during a nano-scale manipulation.

In this research work, single mode operation based on injection of a CW laser beam into a TEA CO2 laser cavity has been demonstrated. The technique has vast applications in research programs for laser spectroscopy and optical pumping. The observed smooth pulse shapes indicated that the system is operating in a single mode of operation, where no additional PZT mounted elements or other cavity stabilizing devices have been used. In addition, it has been observed that the output energy has not been reduced when the laser was operating in a single mode of operation, compared with the case when the laser is operating in the multi-mode regime.

In this paper, a novel approach for two-loop control of the DC-DC Cuk converter in discontinuous conduction mode is presented using a sliding mode controller. The proposed controller can regulate the output of the converter in a wide range of input voltage and load resistance. Controller parameters are selected using PSO algorithms. In order to verify the accuracy and efficiency of the developed sliding mode controller, the proposed method is simulated in MATLAB/Simulink. It is shown that the developed controller has, the faster dynamic response compared with standard integrated circuit (MIC38C42-5) based regulators.